Cytotoxicity, Leishmanicidal and Antioxidant Activity of Biosynthesized Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles Using Phoenix dactylifera. The author declares no competing financial interests. reported that the synthesis at elevated temperatures lead to large-sized and more stable NPs than at lower temperatures. They reported that higher temperatures lead to synthesis of spherical NPs, while lower temperatures lead to the synthesis of mainly triangular NPs. studied the effect of temperature on the synthesis of gold NPs using extract from Semecarpus anacardium L. In such cases, it is possible to explore synthesis of NPs by changing the environment and physico-chemical parameters. Sometimes, the synthesis of NPs using specific biological source may not be successful initially. Such thorough and meticulously conducted studies can help us to synthesize NPs with desired structure, stability, size, or shape. The functional groups on biomolecules can be divided into three types of hydrophilic (such as ammonium salt, polyol, lysine, an amino acid, citric acid, vitamin), hydrophobic (fatty acids, alkyl phenol), and amphiphilic functional groups (soluble in water and acids, such as lysine).įurthermore, it need to be emphasized here that scientists carefully conduct their studies and record the affecting parameters involved in the synthesis process to help improve the reproducibility of their work optimizing separately the effect of each parameter on the synthesis process of NPs is thus crucial. Importantly, the selection of plant extract is critical for achieving the suitable functionalization of nanoparticles as the avoidance of aggregation of biosynthesized nanoparticles and attaining a suspension of stable nanoparticles is a prerequisite for advancement of research. Thus, one of the added advantages of the greener synthesis using the plant extract, in contrast to other synthesis methods, is that the choice of extract not only reduce the metal salts, but also provides certain functional groups on their surface. Accordingly, the coated functional groups on surface of these nanoparticles can bind to a variety of biological structures, including antibodies, proteins, DNAs, enzymes, polymers, etc. on the surface of biosynthesized nanoparticles. In plant mediated-synthesis of nanoparticles, the nature of extract has a significant effect on the availability of functional groups such as aldehyde, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, etc. Greener Synthesis of Core-Shell Nanoparticles Using Plants The typical disadvantages of bacterial- and fungal-mediated synthesis of core-shell NPs are that they often excessively time-consuming and are culture-dependence, which entails the use of expensive culture media, a trait that is not shared by the plant-mediated methods. Only a handful of investigations have been conducted on prokaryotes synthesis of core-shell NPs and limited interested in bacterial-mediated synthesis of hybrid/core shell NPs is reminiscent of fungal-mediated approach. Exposure of the bacteria live cells or their lysis cell extracts to aqueous metal ions have resulted in the formation of NPs. Reports on the synthesis of hybrid NPs using fungi are rather limited, especially on fungal-mediated synthesis or the biocompatibility studies of ensuing hybrid/core shell NPs, presumably due to the dependence on costly cell cultures, and longer synthesis time often required as compared to plant-mediated synthesis. This review summarizes the known strategies for the greener production of core-shell nanoparticles using plants extract or their derivatives and highlights their salient attributes, such as low costs, the lack of dependence on the use of any toxic materials, and the environmental friendliness for the sustainable assembly of stabile nanostructures. Although several biological resources have been exploited for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles, but plant-based materials appear to be the ideal candidates for large-scale green synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles. Various physiochemical and greener methods have been advanced for the synthesis of nanostructures, in contrast to conventional approaches that require the use of synthetic compounds for the assembly of nanostructures. Plant or natural products-mediated synthesis of nanostructures refers to the use of plants or its extracts for the synthesis of nanostructures, an emerging field of sustainable nanotechnology. Core-shell nanostructures are useful entities with high thermal and chemical stability, lower toxicity, greater solubility, and higher permeability to specific target cells. Among an array of hybrid nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles comprise of two or more materials, such as metals and biomolecules, wherein one of them forms the core at the center, while the other material/materials that were located around the central core develops a shell.

Core shell nanoparticles